Name two essential conditions of Penal Liability.
Explanation & Strategy
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The two essential conditions for penal liability in criminal law are: (1) Actus Reus — the guilty act (physical element of the crime), and (2) Mens Rea — the guilty mind (mental element/criminal intent). Both must coexist for criminal liability. The Latin maxim is: 'Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea' — an act alone doesn't make one guilty unless the mind is also guilty.